{"id":47,"date":"2023-06-21T00:55:50","date_gmt":"2023-06-21T00:55:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/chapter\/__unknown__-11\/"},"modified":"2025-06-14T13:54:41","modified_gmt":"2025-06-14T13:54:41","slug":"__unknown__-11","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/chapter\/__unknown__-11\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 11: Mixed-methods research","rendered":"Chapter 11: Mixed-methods research"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Learning outcomes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li>Understand the definition of mixed-methods research.<\/li>\n \t<li>Identify the three main mixed-methods research designs.<\/li>\n \t<li>Articulate an answerable mixed-methods research question.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What is a mixed<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>methods study? <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The key concept in mixed-methods research is <em>combining qualitative and quantitative research designs and data<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Mixed-methods research requires a purposeful gathering of quantitative and qualitative research methods, including in data collection, data analysis and interpretation of the results. The main word here is \u2018mixed\u2019: there must be an intentional combining of both research methods to address the research question.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Planned integration of quantitative and qualitative methods enables researchers to answer research questions that neither quantitative nor qualitative methods could answer on their own. Mixed-methods research draws on the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research methods, enabling the exploration of diverse perspectives and relationships within the two different types of data.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>How does mixed-methods research fit into a research paradigm?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">As described in <a href=\"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/chapter\/__unknown__-2\/\">Chapter 2<\/a>, a paradigm is a worldview \u2013 a framework of beliefs, values and methods.<sup>2<\/sup> There is some debate about whether research paradigms should be bound to a particular methodology. Paradigm purists argue that it is impossible for quantitative and qualitative methods to achieve compatibility, due to the varying types of research questions that the two methods address.<sup>3<\/sup> This perspective suggests that a research project should include only quantitative OR only qualitative methods.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">However, researchers using mixed methods argue that it is perfectly logical to use different methods within a single project, blending them as needed to address a particular research question. Many mixed-methods researchers also highlight that paradigms are socially constructed, and that there is no plausible reason these constructs cannot exist within mixed-methods research. As such, mixed-methods researchers encourage other research professionals to consider the evolving relationship between paradigms and methods, in an ever-changing world.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/chapter\/__unknown__-2\/\">Chapter 2<\/a> describes the four main research paradigms (positivist or scientific, interpretivist or constructivist, radical or critical, and post-structural). Most mixed-methods research reflect post-positivist assumptions, whereby outcomes are perceived to occur based on a combination of factors that interact with each other, rather than assumed to occur in a linear process of cause and effect between exposure and outcome.<sup>4<\/sup> The \u2018post\u2019 addition to the positivist paradigm reflects further development from its original concept. Post-positivists maintain the assumption of cause and effect but are willing to identify more complex and non-linear relationships within the data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The other paradigm (although it is not one of the main four) that primarily exists in the context of mixed-methods research is pragmatism. Pragmatism is oriented towards using multiple research methods but stipulates that the use of these methods should always be guided by existing research problems. Pragmatism values both objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative) knowledge to meet research objectives.<sup>4<\/sup> The main reason for adopting a pragmatist position in research is to enable the researcher to collect and analyse their data through a pluralistic lens in order to best answer the research question.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>What are the mixed-methods research designs?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">There are three mixed-methods research designs: convergent, explanatory and exploratory.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li>A <strong>convergent<\/strong> mixed-methods study seeks to combine qualitative and quantitative results with the intention of creating a complete understanding of a particular phenomenon. A convergent mixed-methods study may also validate one set of findings against another, such as comparing participants\u2019 responses on quantitative scales with responses to open-ended qualitative interview questions.<\/li>\n \t<li>An <strong>explanatory<\/strong> mixed-methods study seeks to explain quantitative results through qualitative inquiry.<\/li>\n \t<li>An <strong>exploratory<\/strong> mixed-methods study seeks to use qualitative results in the development of a quantitative component, which is then tested with study participants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The terminology used to describe the different mixed-methods designs changes from time to time. When reading an article or textbook written prior to 2021, mixed-methods designs may be referred to as \u2018triangulation\u2019, \u2018embedded\u2019, \u2018explanatory\u2019 or exploratory.<sup>5<\/sup> Table 11.1. presents a comprehensive review of the three mixed-methods designs.<\/p>\n[table id=26 \/]\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">For example, in <a class=\"rId7\" href=\"https:\/\/bjgp.org\/content\/71\/705\/e320\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Patient-centred innovation for multimorbidity care: a mixed-methods, randomised trial and qualitative study of the patients\u2019 experience<\/span><\/a>,<sup>6<\/sup> both a randomised trial (quantitative) and interviews (qualitative) were conducted to address two research aims: (1) to assess the effectiveness of the intervention in relation to relevant patient-reported outcomes, and (2) to understand what worked and did not work about the intervention for patients. A one-hour case conference intervention was developed for the randomised trial, involving a nurse exploring what was important to patients. A planned and coordinated case conference followed with the patients\u2019 healthcare professionals (for example, psychiatrist, social worker and dietitian) based on this feedback. The nurse, the patient and all relevant health professionals then met for over an hour to focus on the patient\u2019s goals and to co-create a care plan. Outcomes assessed included self-efficacy in managing chronic disease, health status, quality of life, psychological distress and health behaviour.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">For the qualitative component of this project, semi-structured interviews were conducted, with purposively selected patients (e.g. by age, sex and type of patient) as the qualitative component of the research in the trial intervention arm. The researchers analysed the data using thematic analysis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">From a quantitative research perspective, the intervention provided no statistically significant improvement. However, five themes were identified from the interviews: (1) patients valued the team developed as part of the intervention, (2) patients felt more supported, (3) receiving a follow-up plan was helpful, (4) being offered a change in the treatment plan was refreshing, and (5) patients perceived positive outcomes from the intervention.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Without the qualitative evaluation of this intervention, the trial would have been considered unsuccessful. Yet, by seeking participant feedback, it became evident that the trial did in fact improve patients\u2019 healthcare-seeking experiences and perceptions, in terms of multimorbidity, in ways not captured through quantitative measures. The researchers now know what works and what does not work about the intervention and can use this data to tailor future trials or implementation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Table 11.2. provides three more examples of mixed-methods studies across the health and social care sector.<\/p>\n[table id=27 \/]\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The three types of mixed-methods research can be conducted across health and social care disciplines, with a multidisciplinary team. Each type of mixed-methods study has its own strengths and limitations, but all integrate quantitative and qualitative research methods to develop a thorough picture of the phenomena under investigation.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n \t<li>Shorten A, Smith J. Mixed methods research: expanding the evidence base. <em>Evid Based Nurs<\/em>. 2017;20(3):74-75. doi:10.1136\/eb-2017-102699<\/li>\n \t<li>Donmoyer R. Paradigm. In: Given LM, ed. <em>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods<\/em>. SAGE; 2008:591-595. doi:10.4135\/9781412963909<\/li>\n \t<li>Liu Y. Paradigmatic compatibility matters: a critical review of qualitative-quantitative debate in mixed methods research. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SAGE Open<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1177\/21582440221079922<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Dawadi S, Shrestha S, Giri RA. Mixed-methods research: a discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Journal of Practical Studies in Education<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 2021;2(2):25-36. doi:10.46809\/jpse.v2i2.20<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL. <em>Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research<\/em>. SAGE; <span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2007.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Stewart M, Fortin M, Belle Brown J, et al. Patient-centred innovation for multimorbidity care: a mixed-methods, randomised trial and qualitative study of the patients\u2019 experience. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Br J Gen Pract. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2021;71(705):e320-e330. doi: 10.3399\/bjgp21X714293<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Kellezi B, Wakefield JRH, Stevenson C, et al. The social cure of prescribing: a mixed-methods study on the benefits of social connectedness on quality and effectiveness of care provision. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">BMJ Open. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2019;9(11):e033137. doi: <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">10.1136\/bm<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">jopen-2019-033137<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Lindsay-Smith G, O\u2019Sullivan G, Eime R, Harvey J, van Ufellen JGZ. A mixed-methods case study exploring the impact of membership of a multi-activity, multicentre community group on social wellbeing of older adults. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">BMC Geriatrics. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2018;18:226. doi: 10.1186\/s12877-018-0913-1<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Shiyanbola OO, Rao D, Bolt D, Brown C, Zhang M, Ward E. Using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to adapt an Illness Perception Questionnaire for African Americans with diabetes: the mixed data integration process. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Health Psychol Behav Med. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2021;9(1):796-817. doi: <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">10.1080\/21642850.2021.1976650<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><\/p>\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Learning outcomes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand the definition of mixed-methods research.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the three main mixed-methods research designs.<\/li>\n<li>Articulate an answerable mixed-methods research question.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>What is a mixed<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>methods study? <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The key concept in mixed-methods research is <em>combining qualitative and quantitative research designs and data<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Mixed-methods research requires a purposeful gathering of quantitative and qualitative research methods, including in data collection, data analysis and interpretation of the results. The main word here is \u2018mixed\u2019: there must be an intentional combining of both research methods to address the research question.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Planned integration of quantitative and qualitative methods enables researchers to answer research questions that neither quantitative nor qualitative methods could answer on their own. Mixed-methods research draws on the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research methods, enabling the exploration of diverse perspectives and relationships within the two different types of data.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>How does mixed-methods research fit into a research paradigm?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">As described in <a href=\"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/chapter\/__unknown__-2\/\">Chapter 2<\/a>, a paradigm is a worldview \u2013 a framework of beliefs, values and methods.<sup>2<\/sup> There is some debate about whether research paradigms should be bound to a particular methodology. Paradigm purists argue that it is impossible for quantitative and qualitative methods to achieve compatibility, due to the varying types of research questions that the two methods address.<sup>3<\/sup> This perspective suggests that a research project should include only quantitative OR only qualitative methods.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">However, researchers using mixed methods argue that it is perfectly logical to use different methods within a single project, blending them as needed to address a particular research question. Many mixed-methods researchers also highlight that paradigms are socially constructed, and that there is no plausible reason these constructs cannot exist within mixed-methods research. As such, mixed-methods researchers encourage other research professionals to consider the evolving relationship between paradigms and methods, in an ever-changing world.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/chapter\/__unknown__-2\/\">Chapter 2<\/a> describes the four main research paradigms (positivist or scientific, interpretivist or constructivist, radical or critical, and post-structural). Most mixed-methods research reflect post-positivist assumptions, whereby outcomes are perceived to occur based on a combination of factors that interact with each other, rather than assumed to occur in a linear process of cause and effect between exposure and outcome.<sup>4<\/sup> The \u2018post\u2019 addition to the positivist paradigm reflects further development from its original concept. Post-positivists maintain the assumption of cause and effect but are willing to identify more complex and non-linear relationships within the data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The other paradigm (although it is not one of the main four) that primarily exists in the context of mixed-methods research is pragmatism. Pragmatism is oriented towards using multiple research methods but stipulates that the use of these methods should always be guided by existing research problems. Pragmatism values both objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative) knowledge to meet research objectives.<sup>4<\/sup> The main reason for adopting a pragmatist position in research is to enable the researcher to collect and analyse their data through a pluralistic lens in order to best answer the research question.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>What are the mixed-methods research designs?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">There are three mixed-methods research designs: convergent, explanatory and exploratory.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>convergent<\/strong> mixed-methods study seeks to combine qualitative and quantitative results with the intention of creating a complete understanding of a particular phenomenon. A convergent mixed-methods study may also validate one set of findings against another, such as comparing participants\u2019 responses on quantitative scales with responses to open-ended qualitative interview questions.<\/li>\n<li>An <strong>explanatory<\/strong> mixed-methods study seeks to explain quantitative results through qualitative inquiry.<\/li>\n<li>An <strong>exploratory<\/strong> mixed-methods study seeks to use qualitative results in the development of a quantitative component, which is then tested with study participants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The terminology used to describe the different mixed-methods designs changes from time to time. When reading an article or textbook written prior to 2021, mixed-methods designs may be referred to as \u2018triangulation\u2019, \u2018embedded\u2019, \u2018explanatory\u2019 or exploratory.<sup>5<\/sup> Table 11.1. presents a comprehensive review of the three mixed-methods designs.<\/p>\n<p>[table id=26 \/]<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">For example, in <a class=\"rId7\" href=\"https:\/\/bjgp.org\/content\/71\/705\/e320\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Patient-centred innovation for multimorbidity care: a mixed-methods, randomised trial and qualitative study of the patients\u2019 experience<\/span><\/a>,<sup>6<\/sup> both a randomised trial (quantitative) and interviews (qualitative) were conducted to address two research aims: (1) to assess the effectiveness of the intervention in relation to relevant patient-reported outcomes, and (2) to understand what worked and did not work about the intervention for patients. A one-hour case conference intervention was developed for the randomised trial, involving a nurse exploring what was important to patients. A planned and coordinated case conference followed with the patients\u2019 healthcare professionals (for example, psychiatrist, social worker and dietitian) based on this feedback. The nurse, the patient and all relevant health professionals then met for over an hour to focus on the patient\u2019s goals and to co-create a care plan. Outcomes assessed included self-efficacy in managing chronic disease, health status, quality of life, psychological distress and health behaviour.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">For the qualitative component of this project, semi-structured interviews were conducted, with purposively selected patients (e.g. by age, sex and type of patient) as the qualitative component of the research in the trial intervention arm. The researchers analysed the data using thematic analysis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">From a quantitative research perspective, the intervention provided no statistically significant improvement. However, five themes were identified from the interviews: (1) patients valued the team developed as part of the intervention, (2) patients felt more supported, (3) receiving a follow-up plan was helpful, (4) being offered a change in the treatment plan was refreshing, and (5) patients perceived positive outcomes from the intervention.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Without the qualitative evaluation of this intervention, the trial would have been considered unsuccessful. Yet, by seeking participant feedback, it became evident that the trial did in fact improve patients\u2019 healthcare-seeking experiences and perceptions, in terms of multimorbidity, in ways not captured through quantitative measures. The researchers now know what works and what does not work about the intervention and can use this data to tailor future trials or implementation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Table 11.2. provides three more examples of mixed-methods studies across the health and social care sector.<\/p>\n<p>[table id=27 \/]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">The three types of mixed-methods research can be conducted across health and social care disciplines, with a multidisciplinary team. Each type of mixed-methods study has its own strengths and limitations, but all integrate quantitative and qualitative research methods to develop a thorough picture of the phenomena under investigation.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Shorten A, Smith J. Mixed methods research: expanding the evidence base. <em>Evid Based Nurs<\/em>. 2017;20(3):74-75. doi:10.1136\/eb-2017-102699<\/li>\n<li>Donmoyer R. Paradigm. In: Given LM, ed. <em>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods<\/em>. SAGE; 2008:591-595. doi:10.4135\/9781412963909<\/li>\n<li>Liu Y. Paradigmatic compatibility matters: a critical review of qualitative-quantitative debate in mixed methods research. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SAGE Open<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1177\/21582440221079922<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Dawadi S, Shrestha S, Giri RA. Mixed-methods research: a discussion on its types, challenges, and criticisms. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Journal of Practical Studies in Education<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">. 2021;2(2):25-36. doi:10.46809\/jpse.v2i2.20<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL. <em>Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research<\/em>. SAGE; <span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2007.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Stewart M, Fortin M, Belle Brown J, et al. Patient-centred innovation for multimorbidity care: a mixed-methods, randomised trial and qualitative study of the patients\u2019 experience. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Br J Gen Pract. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2021;71(705):e320-e330. doi: 10.3399\/bjgp21X714293<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Kellezi B, Wakefield JRH, Stevenson C, et al. The social cure of prescribing: a mixed-methods study on the benefits of social connectedness on quality and effectiveness of care provision. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">BMJ Open. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2019;9(11):e033137. doi: <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">10.1136\/bm<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">jopen-2019-033137<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Lindsay-Smith G, O\u2019Sullivan G, Eime R, Harvey J, van Ufellen JGZ. A mixed-methods case study exploring the impact of membership of a multi-activity, multicentre community group on social wellbeing of older adults. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">BMC Geriatrics. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2018;18:226. doi: 10.1186\/s12877-018-0913-1<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Shiyanbola OO, Rao D, Bolt D, Brown C, Zhang M, Ward E. Using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to adapt an Illness Perception Questionnaire for African Americans with diabetes: the mixed data integration process. <em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Health Psychol Behav Med. <\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">2021;9(1):796-817. doi: <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">10.1080\/21642850.2021.1976650<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["danielle-berkovic"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[63],"license":[],"class_list":["post-47","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-danielle-berkovic"],"part":32,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48,"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47\/revisions\/48"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/32"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=47"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=47"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/openpub.libraries.rutgers.edu\/qualgo2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}